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Способы отопления, устройства для отопления - мировой опыт

1. Central heating, method of providing warmth from one point to multiple rooms or apartments of a building.

A central heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a building from one point to multiple rooms. When combined with other systems in order to control the building climate, the whole system may be a HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) system.

Central heating differs from local heating in that the heat generation occurs in one place, such as a furnace room in a house or a mechanical room in a large building. The most common method of heat generation involves the combustion of fossil fuel in a furnace or boiler. The resultant heat then gets distributed: typically by forced-air through ductwork, by water circulating through pipes, or by steam fed through pipes. Increasingly, buildings utilize solar-powered heat sources, in which case the distribution system normally uses water circulation.

In much of northern Europe and in urban portions of Russia, where people seldom require air conditioning in homes due to the temperate climate, most new housing comes with central heating installed. Such areas normally use gas heaters, district heating, or oil-fired systems. In the western and southern United States natural-gas-fired central forced-air systems occur most commonly; these systems and central-boiler systems both occur in the far northern regions of the USA. Steam-heating systems, fired by coal, oil or gas, feature in the USA, Russia and Europe: primarily for larger buildings. Electrical heating systems occur less commonly and are only practical with low cost electricity or when geothermal heat pumps are used. Considering the combined system of central generating plant and electric resistance heating, the overall efficiency will be less than for direct use of fossil fuel for space heating.

2. Electric heating.

An electric heater is an electrical appliance that converts electrical energy into heat. The heating element inside every electric heater is simply an electrical resistor, and works on the principle of Joule heating: an electric current through a resistor converts electrical energy into heat energy.

3. District heating.

District heating (teleheating) is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements such as space heating and water heating. The heat is often obtained from a cogeneration plant burning fossil fuels but increasingly biomass, although heat-only boiler stations, geothermal heating and central solar heating are also used, as well as nuclear power. District heating plants can provide higher efficiencies and better pollution control than localized boilers.

4. Fireplace:
Wood-burning stove. Masonry (brick or stone fireplaces and chimneys) with or without tile lined flue.
Reinforced concrete chimneys. Fundamental flaws bankrupted the US manufacturers and obsoleted the technique.
Ventless Fireplace (duct free fireplace) that are fueled by either gel, LP/bottled gas or natural gas.

5. Gas heater,
a heater that burns natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas.

6. Heat pump.

A heat pump is a machine or device that moves heat from one location (the 'source') to another location (the 'sink' or 'heat sink') using mechanical work. Most heat pump technology moves heat from a low temperature heat source to a higher temperature heat sink.[1] Common examples are food refrigerators and freezers, air conditioners, and reversible-cycle heat pumps for providing thermal comfort.

7. Geothermal heat pump,
a heat pump that uses the thermal mass of the ground to regulate indoor temperatures.

8. Geothermal heating,
a method of heating using geothermal heat from deep in the Earth. В Болгарии - в Велинград.

9. Ground source heat pump,
a heat pump that uses the thermal mass of the ground to heat, or cool, buildings.

10. Radiant heating,
a heating system which heats a building through radiant heat rather than convection or forced-air heating

11. Salamander heater,
a portable forced-air or convection heater, often kerosene-fueled, used in ventilated areas for worksite comfort.

12. Solar heating,
the use of solar energy to provide process, space or water heating.

13. Storage heater (в Болгарии - теплоаккумулирующая печь "Изгрев"),
an electrical appliance which stores heat at a time when base load electricity is available at a low price

14. Underfloor heating,
a system of distributing radiant heat through flooring at lower temperatures than needed by radiators

15. Air conditioning, ... :))) ... NN. Infrared heating

Обзор по статьям Википедия.